National Archaeological Museum in Athens | David Chipperfield Architects

The National Archaeological Museum, located in the Exarcheia district of Athens, houses one of the world’s most important collections of prehistoric and ancient art. The original neoclassical building by Ludwig Lange and Ernst Ziller, dates from 1866—1874, and has been supplemented with additional buildings over time. Through refurbishment and extension, the National Archaeological Museum of Athens will be modernised to meet today’s standards of quality, openness and sustainability. The re-birth of the National Archaeological Museum, which stands as a powerful link between modern Greeks and their heritage, also symbolises the strengthening of the Greek cultural offer for international visitors following a year in which a record number of tourists came to the country.

David Chipperfield Architects Berlin draws on the essence of Lange’s original design – a romantic philhellenic idea of an urban landscape, articulated through lush open areas within the dense city grid – taking the monumental building as a starting point and framing it with nature. The plinth of the existing building is extended all the way to the street, providing a new setting for the historic landmark building, while adding two floors of subterranean galleries. In one gesture, this generates roughly 20,000 m2 of additional space and a lush green park on the roof that is open to all. Respecting the building’s historical value, the extension does not aspire to compete with the existing architecture, but forms a harmonious ensemble of spaces, finding a balance between old and new.

The design’s logic follows the existing topography of the site: an imposing neoclassical building facing a vast green plaza. The extension will contain the museum’s main public functions – ticket desk, shop, restaurant, auditorium and permanent and temporary exhibitions spaces – which are organised symmetrically, acknowledging the historical architecture. The main entrance is brought forward to street level, reinforcing the museum’s relationship with the city. Through a new façade the museum communicates openly with its urban surroundings, offering passers-by views into the new exhibition spaces.

Upon entering the museum, visitors walk through two floors of continuous, flowing exhibition space that leads them to the existing building. A refined architectural language of pure and clear volumes, diagonal views and rammed-earth walls contrasts with the historical spaces. In combination with a precise play of light and shadow, this evokes the feeling of subterranean caverns, forming a sensitive setting for exhibiting artefacts and sculptures from the collection.

The museum garden provides a cool, quiet public space elevated above the bustling city. It echoes the ancient Greek ideal of a public gathering space for all citizens. The landscape, designed by the Belgian landscape architects Wirtz International, is rich in texture. The volumes on the lower level allow for the planting of monumental trees on the roof. Lavish gravel spaces and paths, lawns, groups of Umbrella and Aleppo pines with evergreen Holm oaks and tailored shrub massings reference 19th-century parks. The park is accessible from all directions, and a sunken, sheltered inner courtyard at the heart of the complex binds together the old and new, providing an attractive meeting place for museum visitors and Athenians.

The proposal was developed together with Wirtz International, Tombazis &Associate Architects, wh-p ingenieure, Werner Sobek and Atelier Brückner.

Sustainability
The sustainability strategy is supported by two distinct concepts: the new museum extension as high mass, low-energy architecture enhanced with green and public infrastructure, and a historic museum that is gently revitalised and upgraded in terms of energy use, taking advantage of the natural climate where possible.

The design preserves the existing museum building so that it can remain a clear urban focal point, which perpetuates the essence of the building instead of erasing it – an important factor for social sustainability. The roof garden fosters the city’s ecosystem, bringing vegetation, shade and natural cooling to the neighbourhood, mitigating the impact of urban heat-island effects on the city centre. The embodied carbon is reduced by the use of reinforced rammed earth, which has the added benefit of naturally controlling humidity in the exhibition spaces. The hollow core supporting the roof structure allows large trees to take root and grow.

Within the museum, a new MEP infrastructure will make the existing building more efficient, with a hybrid ventilation strategy that combines mechanical and natural ventilation, depending on the weather. Mechanical systems will draw energy from an electric system, enabling a fossil fuel–free development. 

Landscape architecture

The landscape design builds on a tradition of romantic parks from the nineteenth century. These parks often surrounded neoclassical museum buildings in European cities. In this particular situation however, the design takes the shape of a large rooftop garden that cleverly exploits the natural grading of its context, with two descending streets on both sides allowing the park to rise up gently above the Athens street life.

The park creates a green haven, an oasis in the busy city. Key elements of the nineteenth-century language of parks that are revisited include the open lawn spaces, the organic layout of pathway systems and the clustered implementation of large trees and shrub groups. It playfully combines lawns and open spaces with densely planted zones with Mediterranean and drought-resistant plants.

Curvilinear paths and ramps connect the open spaces on different levels, revealing perspectives and diagonal connections. Towards the central axis, the location of the inner courtyard, the new landscape elements reflect the symmetrical order of the neoclassical building, while laterally the park transforms into the organic fluidity of a romantic landscape.